Ondelete relationship
Foreign Key And Relationship Options: ondelete, cascade, and passive_deletes¶
Overview¶
When working with relational databases, managing the deletion behavior of related records is crucial to maintaining data integrity. SQLModel provides robust support for handling these scenarios through the ondelete, cascade, and passive_deletes options. This guide will walk you through the usage and benefits of these features.
First, let's declare our models and create some teams with their heroes¶
from sqlmodel import Field, Relationship, Session, SQLModel, create_engine, select
class Team(SQLModel, table=True):
id: int | None = Field(default=None, primary_key=True)
name: str = Field(index=True)
headquarters: str
heroes: list["Hero"] = Relationship(back_populates="team", cascade_delete=True)
class Hero(SQLModel, table=True):
id: int | None = Field(default=None, primary_key=True)
name: str = Field(index=True)
secret_name: str
age: int | None = Field(default=None, index=True)
team_id: int | None = Field(default=None, foreign_key="team.id", ondelete="CASCADE")
team: Team | None = Relationship(back_populates="heroes")
sqlite_file_name = "database.db"
sqlite_url = f"sqlite:///{sqlite_file_name}"
engine = create_engine(sqlite_url, echo=True)
def create_db_and_tables():
SQLModel.metadata.create_all(engine)
def create_heroes():
with Session(engine) as session:
team_preventers = Team(name="Preventers", headquarters="Sharp Tower")
team_z_force = Team(name="Z-Force", headquarters="Sister Margaret's Bar")
hero_deadpond = Hero(
name="Deadpond", secret_name="Dive Wilson", team=team_z_force
)
hero_rusty_man = Hero(
name="Rusty-Man", secret_name="Tommy Sharp", age=48, team=team_preventers
)
hero_spider_boy = Hero(name="Spider-Boy", secret_name="Pedro Parqueador")
session.add(hero_deadpond)
session.add(hero_rusty_man)
session.add(hero_spider_boy)
session.commit()
session.refresh(hero_deadpond)
session.refresh(hero_rusty_man)
session.refresh(hero_spider_boy)
print("Created hero:", hero_deadpond)
print("Created hero:", hero_rusty_man)
print("Created hero:", hero_spider_boy)
hero_spider_boy.team = team_preventers
session.add(hero_spider_boy)
session.commit()
session.refresh(hero_spider_boy)
print("Updated hero:", hero_spider_boy)
hero_black_lion = Hero(name="Black Lion", secret_name="Trevor Challa", age=35)
hero_sure_e = Hero(name="Princess Sure-E", secret_name="Sure-E")
team_wakaland = Team(
name="Wakaland",
headquarters="Wakaland Capital City",
heroes=[hero_black_lion, hero_sure_e],
)
session.add(team_wakaland)
session.commit()
session.refresh(team_wakaland)
print("Team Wakaland:", team_wakaland)
def main():
create_db_and_tables()
create_heroes()
if __name__ == "__main__":
main()
# Code below omitted 👇
from typing import Optional
from sqlmodel import Field, Relationship, Session, SQLModel, create_engine, select
class Team(SQLModel, table=True):
id: Optional[int] = Field(default=None, primary_key=True)
name: str = Field(index=True)
headquarters: str
heroes: list["Hero"] = Relationship(back_populates="team", cascade_delete=True)
class Hero(SQLModel, table=True):
id: Optional[int] = Field(default=None, primary_key=True)
name: str = Field(index=True)
secret_name: str
age: Optional[int] = Field(default=None, index=True)
team_id: Optional[int] = Field(
default=None, foreign_key="team.id", ondelete="CASCADE"
)
team: Optional[Team] = Relationship(back_populates="heroes")
sqlite_file_name = "database.db"
sqlite_url = f"sqlite:///{sqlite_file_name}"
engine = create_engine(sqlite_url, echo=True)
def create_db_and_tables():
SQLModel.metadata.create_all(engine)
def create_heroes():
with Session(engine) as session:
team_preventers = Team(name="Preventers", headquarters="Sharp Tower")
team_z_force = Team(name="Z-Force", headquarters="Sister Margaret's Bar")
hero_deadpond = Hero(
name="Deadpond", secret_name="Dive Wilson", team=team_z_force
)
hero_rusty_man = Hero(
name="Rusty-Man", secret_name="Tommy Sharp", age=48, team=team_preventers
)
hero_spider_boy = Hero(name="Spider-Boy", secret_name="Pedro Parqueador")
session.add(hero_deadpond)
session.add(hero_rusty_man)
session.add(hero_spider_boy)
session.commit()
session.refresh(hero_deadpond)
session.refresh(hero_rusty_man)
session.refresh(hero_spider_boy)
print("Created hero:", hero_deadpond)
print("Created hero:", hero_rusty_man)
print("Created hero:", hero_spider_boy)
hero_spider_boy.team = team_preventers
session.add(hero_spider_boy)
session.commit()
session.refresh(hero_spider_boy)
print("Updated hero:", hero_spider_boy)
hero_black_lion = Hero(name="Black Lion", secret_name="Trevor Challa", age=35)
hero_sure_e = Hero(name="Princess Sure-E", secret_name="Sure-E")
team_wakaland = Team(
name="Wakaland",
headquarters="Wakaland Capital City",
heroes=[hero_black_lion, hero_sure_e],
)
session.add(team_wakaland)
session.commit()
session.refresh(team_wakaland)
print("Team Wakaland:", team_wakaland)
def main():
create_db_and_tables()
create_heroes()
if __name__ == "__main__":
main()
# Code below omitted 👇
from typing import List, Optional
from sqlmodel import Field, Relationship, Session, SQLModel, create_engine, select
class Team(SQLModel, table=True):
id: Optional[int] = Field(default=None, primary_key=True)
name: str = Field(index=True)
headquarters: str
heroes: List["Hero"] = Relationship(back_populates="team", cascade_delete=True)
class Hero(SQLModel, table=True):
id: Optional[int] = Field(default=None, primary_key=True)
name: str = Field(index=True)
secret_name: str
age: Optional[int] = Field(default=None, index=True)
team_id: Optional[int] = Field(
default=None, foreign_key="team.id", ondelete="CASCADE"
)
team: Optional[Team] = Relationship(back_populates="heroes")
sqlite_file_name = "database.db"
sqlite_url = f"sqlite:///{sqlite_file_name}"
engine = create_engine(sqlite_url, echo=True)
def create_db_and_tables():
SQLModel.metadata.create_all(engine)
def create_heroes():
with Session(engine) as session:
team_preventers = Team(name="Preventers", headquarters="Sharp Tower")
team_z_force = Team(name="Z-Force", headquarters="Sister Margaret's Bar")
hero_deadpond = Hero(
name="Deadpond", secret_name="Dive Wilson", team=team_z_force
)
hero_rusty_man = Hero(
name="Rusty-Man", secret_name="Tommy Sharp", age=48, team=team_preventers
)
hero_spider_boy = Hero(name="Spider-Boy", secret_name="Pedro Parqueador")
session.add(hero_deadpond)
session.add(hero_rusty_man)
session.add(hero_spider_boy)
session.commit()
session.refresh(hero_deadpond)
session.refresh(hero_rusty_man)
session.refresh(hero_spider_boy)
print("Created hero:", hero_deadpond)
print("Created hero:", hero_rusty_man)
print("Created hero:", hero_spider_boy)
hero_spider_boy.team = team_preventers
session.add(hero_spider_boy)
session.commit()
session.refresh(hero_spider_boy)
print("Updated hero:", hero_spider_boy)
hero_black_lion = Hero(name="Black Lion", secret_name="Trevor Challa", age=35)
hero_sure_e = Hero(name="Princess Sure-E", secret_name="Sure-E")
team_wakaland = Team(
name="Wakaland",
headquarters="Wakaland Capital City",
heroes=[hero_black_lion, hero_sure_e],
)
session.add(team_wakaland)
session.commit()
session.refresh(team_wakaland)
print("Team Wakaland:", team_wakaland)
def main():
create_db_and_tables()
create_heroes()
if __name__ == "__main__":
main()
# Code below omitted 👇
👀 Full file preview
from sqlmodel import Field, Relationship, Session, SQLModel, create_engine, select
class Team(SQLModel, table=True):
id: int | None = Field(default=None, primary_key=True)
name: str = Field(index=True)
headquarters: str
heroes: list["Hero"] = Relationship(back_populates="team", cascade_delete=True)
class Hero(SQLModel, table=True):
id: int | None = Field(default=None, primary_key=True)
name: str = Field(index=True)
secret_name: str
age: int | None = Field(default=None, index=True)
team_id: int | None = Field(default=None, foreign_key="team.id", ondelete="CASCADE")
team: Team | None = Relationship(back_populates="heroes")
sqlite_file_name = "database.db"
sqlite_url = f"sqlite:///{sqlite_file_name}"
engine = create_engine(sqlite_url, echo=True)
def create_db_and_tables():
SQLModel.metadata.create_all(engine)
def create_heroes():
with Session(engine) as session:
team_preventers = Team(name="Preventers", headquarters="Sharp Tower")
team_z_force = Team(name="Z-Force", headquarters="Sister Margaret's Bar")
hero_deadpond = Hero(
name="Deadpond", secret_name="Dive Wilson", team=team_z_force
)
hero_rusty_man = Hero(
name="Rusty-Man", secret_name="Tommy Sharp", age=48, team=team_preventers
)
hero_spider_boy = Hero(name="Spider-Boy", secret_name="Pedro Parqueador")
session.add(hero_deadpond)
session.add(hero_rusty_man)
session.add(hero_spider_boy)
session.commit()
session.refresh(hero_deadpond)
session.refresh(hero_rusty_man)
session.refresh(hero_spider_boy)
print("Created hero:", hero_deadpond)
print("Created hero:", hero_rusty_man)
print("Created hero:", hero_spider_boy)
hero_spider_boy.team = team_preventers
session.add(hero_spider_boy)
session.commit()
session.refresh(hero_spider_boy)
print("Updated hero:", hero_spider_boy)
hero_black_lion = Hero(name="Black Lion", secret_name="Trevor Challa", age=35)
hero_sure_e = Hero(name="Princess Sure-E", secret_name="Sure-E")
team_wakaland = Team(
name="Wakaland",
headquarters="Wakaland Capital City",
heroes=[hero_black_lion, hero_sure_e],
)
session.add(team_wakaland)
session.commit()
session.refresh(team_wakaland)
print("Team Wakaland:", team_wakaland)
def delete_team():
with Session(engine) as session:
statement = select(Team).where(Team.name == "Wakaland")
result = session.exec(statement)
team = result.one()
session.delete(team)
session.commit()
print("Deleted team:", team)
def select_deleted_heroes():
with Session(engine) as session:
statement = select(Hero).where(Hero.name == "Black Lion")
result = session.exec(statement)
hero = result.one_or_none()
print("Deleted hero:", hero) # None
statement = select(Hero).where(Hero.name == "Princess Sure-E")
result = session.exec(statement)
hero = result.one_or_none()
print("Deleted hero:", hero) # None
def main():
create_db_and_tables()
create_heroes()
delete_team()
select_deleted_heroes()
if __name__ == "__main__":
main()
from typing import Optional
from sqlmodel import Field, Relationship, Session, SQLModel, create_engine, select
class Team(SQLModel, table=True):
id: Optional[int] = Field(default=None, primary_key=True)
name: str = Field(index=True)
headquarters: str
heroes: list["Hero"] = Relationship(back_populates="team", cascade_delete=True)
class Hero(SQLModel, table=True):
id: Optional[int] = Field(default=None, primary_key=True)
name: str = Field(index=True)
secret_name: str
age: Optional[int] = Field(default=None, index=True)
team_id: Optional[int] = Field(
default=None, foreign_key="team.id", ondelete="CASCADE"
)
team: Optional[Team] = Relationship(back_populates="heroes")
sqlite_file_name = "database.db"
sqlite_url = f"sqlite:///{sqlite_file_name}"
engine = create_engine(sqlite_url, echo=True)
def create_db_and_tables():
SQLModel.metadata.create_all(engine)
def create_heroes():
with Session(engine) as session:
team_preventers = Team(name="Preventers", headquarters="Sharp Tower")
team_z_force = Team(name="Z-Force", headquarters="Sister Margaret's Bar")
hero_deadpond = Hero(
name="Deadpond", secret_name="Dive Wilson", team=team_z_force
)
hero_rusty_man = Hero(
name="Rusty-Man", secret_name="Tommy Sharp", age=48, team=team_preventers
)
hero_spider_boy = Hero(name="Spider-Boy", secret_name="Pedro Parqueador")
session.add(hero_deadpond)
session.add(hero_rusty_man)
session.add(hero_spider_boy)
session.commit()
session.refresh(hero_deadpond)
session.refresh(hero_rusty_man)
session.refresh(hero_spider_boy)
print("Created hero:", hero_deadpond)
print("Created hero:", hero_rusty_man)
print("Created hero:", hero_spider_boy)
hero_spider_boy.team = team_preventers
session.add(hero_spider_boy)
session.commit()
session.refresh(hero_spider_boy)
print("Updated hero:", hero_spider_boy)
hero_black_lion = Hero(name="Black Lion", secret_name="Trevor Challa", age=35)
hero_sure_e = Hero(name="Princess Sure-E", secret_name="Sure-E")
team_wakaland = Team(
name="Wakaland",
headquarters="Wakaland Capital City",
heroes=[hero_black_lion, hero_sure_e],
)
session.add(team_wakaland)
session.commit()
session.refresh(team_wakaland)
print("Team Wakaland:", team_wakaland)
def delete_team():
with Session(engine) as session:
statement = select(Team).where(Team.name == "Wakaland")
result = session.exec(statement)
team = result.one()
session.delete(team)
session.commit()
print("Deleted team:", team)
def select_deleted_heroes():
with Session(engine) as session:
statement = select(Hero).where(Hero.name == "Black Lion")
result = session.exec(statement)
hero = result.one_or_none()
print("Deleted hero:", hero) # None
statement = select(Hero).where(Hero.name == "Princess Sure-E")
result = session.exec(statement)
hero = result.one_or_none()
print("Deleted hero:", hero) # None
def main():
create_db_and_tables()
create_heroes()
delete_team()
select_deleted_heroes()
if __name__ == "__main__":
main()
from typing import List, Optional
from sqlmodel import Field, Relationship, Session, SQLModel, create_engine, select
class Team(SQLModel, table=True):
id: Optional[int] = Field(default=None, primary_key=True)
name: str = Field(index=True)
headquarters: str
heroes: List["Hero"] = Relationship(back_populates="team", cascade_delete=True)
class Hero(SQLModel, table=True):
id: Optional[int] = Field(default=None, primary_key=True)
name: str = Field(index=True)
secret_name: str
age: Optional[int] = Field(default=None, index=True)
team_id: Optional[int] = Field(
default=None, foreign_key="team.id", ondelete="CASCADE"
)
team: Optional[Team] = Relationship(back_populates="heroes")
sqlite_file_name = "database.db"
sqlite_url = f"sqlite:///{sqlite_file_name}"
engine = create_engine(sqlite_url, echo=True)
def create_db_and_tables():
SQLModel.metadata.create_all(engine)
def create_heroes():
with Session(engine) as session:
team_preventers = Team(name="Preventers", headquarters="Sharp Tower")
team_z_force = Team(name="Z-Force", headquarters="Sister Margaret's Bar")
hero_deadpond = Hero(
name="Deadpond", secret_name="Dive Wilson", team=team_z_force
)
hero_rusty_man = Hero(
name="Rusty-Man", secret_name="Tommy Sharp", age=48, team=team_preventers
)
hero_spider_boy = Hero(name="Spider-Boy", secret_name="Pedro Parqueador")
session.add(hero_deadpond)
session.add(hero_rusty_man)
session.add(hero_spider_boy)
session.commit()
session.refresh(hero_deadpond)
session.refresh(hero_rusty_man)
session.refresh(hero_spider_boy)
print("Created hero:", hero_deadpond)
print("Created hero:", hero_rusty_man)
print("Created hero:", hero_spider_boy)
hero_spider_boy.team = team_preventers
session.add(hero_spider_boy)
session.commit()
session.refresh(hero_spider_boy)
print("Updated hero:", hero_spider_boy)
hero_black_lion = Hero(name="Black Lion", secret_name="Trevor Challa", age=35)
hero_sure_e = Hero(name="Princess Sure-E", secret_name="Sure-E")
team_wakaland = Team(
name="Wakaland",
headquarters="Wakaland Capital City",
heroes=[hero_black_lion, hero_sure_e],
)
session.add(team_wakaland)
session.commit()
session.refresh(team_wakaland)
print("Team Wakaland:", team_wakaland)
def delete_team():
with Session(engine) as session:
statement = select(Team).where(Team.name == "Wakaland")
result = session.exec(statement)
team = result.one()
session.delete(team)
session.commit()
print("Deleted team:", team)
def select_deleted_heroes():
with Session(engine) as session:
statement = select(Hero).where(Hero.name == "Black Lion")
result = session.exec(statement)
hero = result.one_or_none()
print("Deleted hero:", hero) # None
statement = select(Hero).where(Hero.name == "Princess Sure-E")
result = session.exec(statement)
hero = result.one_or_none()
print("Deleted hero:", hero) # None
def main():
create_db_and_tables()
create_heroes()
delete_team()
select_deleted_heroes()
if __name__ == "__main__":
main()
At this point we should have the next schema and data¶
Team table¶
| id | name | headquarters |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | Z-Force | Sister Margaret's Bar |
| 2 | Preventers | Sharp Tower |
| 3 | Wakaland | Wakaland Capital City |
Hero Table¶
| id | name | secret_name | age | team_id |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Deadpond | Dive WIlson | 1 | |
| 2 | Rusty-Man | Tommy Sharp | 48 | 2 |
| 3 | Spider-Boy | Pedro Parqueador | 2 | |
| 4 | Black Lion | Trevor Challa | 35 | 3 |
| 5 | Princess Sure-E | Sure-E | 3 |
ondelete¶
The ondelete option allows you to specify what should happen to dependent records when the referenced record is deleted. This is especially useful for managing foreign key constraints.
Supported Values¶
CASCADE: Automatically deletes the dependent records.SET NULL: Sets the foreign key field toNULL.RESTRICT: Prevents the deletion if there are dependent records.
CASCADE Example¶
from sqlmodel import Field, Relationship, Session, SQLModel, create_engine, select
class Team(SQLModel, table=True):
id: int | None = Field(default=None, primary_key=True)
name: str = Field(index=True)
headquarters: str
heroes: list["Hero"] = Relationship(back_populates="team", cascade_delete=True)
class Hero(SQLModel, table=True):
id: int | None = Field(default=None, primary_key=True)
name: str = Field(index=True)
secret_name: str
age: int | None = Field(default=None, index=True)
team_id: int | None = Field(default=None, foreign_key="team.id", ondelete="CASCADE")
team: Team | None = Relationship(back_populates="heroes")
# Code below omitted 👇
from typing import Optional
from sqlmodel import Field, Relationship, Session, SQLModel, create_engine, select
class Team(SQLModel, table=True):
id: Optional[int] = Field(default=None, primary_key=True)
name: str = Field(index=True)
headquarters: str
heroes: list["Hero"] = Relationship(back_populates="team", cascade_delete=True)
class Hero(SQLModel, table=True):
id: Optional[int] = Field(default=None, primary_key=True)
name: str = Field(index=True)
secret_name: str
age: Optional[int] = Field(default=None, index=True)
team_id: Optional[int] = Field(
default=None, foreign_key="team.id", ondelete="CASCADE"
)
team: Optional[Team] = Relationship(back_populates="heroes")
# Code below omitted 👇
from typing import List, Optional
from sqlmodel import Field, Relationship, Session, SQLModel, create_engine, select
class Team(SQLModel, table=True):
id: Optional[int] = Field(default=None, primary_key=True)
name: str = Field(index=True)
headquarters: str
heroes: List["Hero"] = Relationship(back_populates="team", cascade_delete=True)
class Hero(SQLModel, table=True):
id: Optional[int] = Field(default=None, primary_key=True)
name: str = Field(index=True)
secret_name: str
age: Optional[int] = Field(default=None, index=True)
team_id: Optional[int] = Field(
default=None, foreign_key="team.id", ondelete="CASCADE"
)
team: Optional[Team] = Relationship(back_populates="heroes")
# Code below omitted 👇
👀 Full file preview
from sqlmodel import Field, Relationship, Session, SQLModel, create_engine, select
class Team(SQLModel, table=True):
id: int | None = Field(default=None, primary_key=True)
name: str = Field(index=True)
headquarters: str
heroes: list["Hero"] = Relationship(back_populates="team", cascade_delete=True)
class Hero(SQLModel, table=True):
id: int | None = Field(default=None, primary_key=True)
name: str = Field(index=True)
secret_name: str
age: int | None = Field(default=None, index=True)
team_id: int | None = Field(default=None, foreign_key="team.id", ondelete="CASCADE")
team: Team | None = Relationship(back_populates="heroes")
sqlite_file_name = "database.db"
sqlite_url = f"sqlite:///{sqlite_file_name}"
engine = create_engine(sqlite_url, echo=True)
def create_db_and_tables():
SQLModel.metadata.create_all(engine)
def create_heroes():
with Session(engine) as session:
team_preventers = Team(name="Preventers", headquarters="Sharp Tower")
team_z_force = Team(name="Z-Force", headquarters="Sister Margaret's Bar")
hero_deadpond = Hero(
name="Deadpond", secret_name="Dive Wilson", team=team_z_force
)
hero_rusty_man = Hero(
name="Rusty-Man", secret_name="Tommy Sharp", age=48, team=team_preventers
)
hero_spider_boy = Hero(name="Spider-Boy", secret_name="Pedro Parqueador")
session.add(hero_deadpond)
session.add(hero_rusty_man)
session.add(hero_spider_boy)
session.commit()
session.refresh(hero_deadpond)
session.refresh(hero_rusty_man)
session.refresh(hero_spider_boy)
print("Created hero:", hero_deadpond)
print("Created hero:", hero_rusty_man)
print("Created hero:", hero_spider_boy)
hero_spider_boy.team = team_preventers
session.add(hero_spider_boy)
session.commit()
session.refresh(hero_spider_boy)
print("Updated hero:", hero_spider_boy)
hero_black_lion = Hero(name="Black Lion", secret_name="Trevor Challa", age=35)
hero_sure_e = Hero(name="Princess Sure-E", secret_name="Sure-E")
team_wakaland = Team(
name="Wakaland",
headquarters="Wakaland Capital City",
heroes=[hero_black_lion, hero_sure_e],
)
session.add(team_wakaland)
session.commit()
session.refresh(team_wakaland)
print("Team Wakaland:", team_wakaland)
def delete_team():
with Session(engine) as session:
statement = select(Team).where(Team.name == "Wakaland")
result = session.exec(statement)
team = result.one()
session.delete(team)
session.commit()
print("Deleted team:", team)
def select_deleted_heroes():
with Session(engine) as session:
statement = select(Hero).where(Hero.name == "Black Lion")
result = session.exec(statement)
hero = result.one_or_none()
print("Deleted hero:", hero) # None
statement = select(Hero).where(Hero.name == "Princess Sure-E")
result = session.exec(statement)
hero = result.one_or_none()
print("Deleted hero:", hero) # None
def main():
create_db_and_tables()
create_heroes()
delete_team()
select_deleted_heroes()
if __name__ == "__main__":
main()
from typing import Optional
from sqlmodel import Field, Relationship, Session, SQLModel, create_engine, select
class Team(SQLModel, table=True):
id: Optional[int] = Field(default=None, primary_key=True)
name: str = Field(index=True)
headquarters: str
heroes: list["Hero"] = Relationship(back_populates="team", cascade_delete=True)
class Hero(SQLModel, table=True):
id: Optional[int] = Field(default=None, primary_key=True)
name: str = Field(index=True)
secret_name: str
age: Optional[int] = Field(default=None, index=True)
team_id: Optional[int] = Field(
default=None, foreign_key="team.id", ondelete="CASCADE"
)
team: Optional[Team] = Relationship(back_populates="heroes")
sqlite_file_name = "database.db"
sqlite_url = f"sqlite:///{sqlite_file_name}"
engine = create_engine(sqlite_url, echo=True)
def create_db_and_tables():
SQLModel.metadata.create_all(engine)
def create_heroes():
with Session(engine) as session:
team_preventers = Team(name="Preventers", headquarters="Sharp Tower")
team_z_force = Team(name="Z-Force", headquarters="Sister Margaret's Bar")
hero_deadpond = Hero(
name="Deadpond", secret_name="Dive Wilson", team=team_z_force
)
hero_rusty_man = Hero(
name="Rusty-Man", secret_name="Tommy Sharp", age=48, team=team_preventers
)
hero_spider_boy = Hero(name="Spider-Boy", secret_name="Pedro Parqueador")
session.add(hero_deadpond)
session.add(hero_rusty_man)
session.add(hero_spider_boy)
session.commit()
session.refresh(hero_deadpond)
session.refresh(hero_rusty_man)
session.refresh(hero_spider_boy)
print("Created hero:", hero_deadpond)
print("Created hero:", hero_rusty_man)
print("Created hero:", hero_spider_boy)
hero_spider_boy.team = team_preventers
session.add(hero_spider_boy)
session.commit()
session.refresh(hero_spider_boy)
print("Updated hero:", hero_spider_boy)
hero_black_lion = Hero(name="Black Lion", secret_name="Trevor Challa", age=35)
hero_sure_e = Hero(name="Princess Sure-E", secret_name="Sure-E")
team_wakaland = Team(
name="Wakaland",
headquarters="Wakaland Capital City",
heroes=[hero_black_lion, hero_sure_e],
)
session.add(team_wakaland)
session.commit()
session.refresh(team_wakaland)
print("Team Wakaland:", team_wakaland)
def delete_team():
with Session(engine) as session:
statement = select(Team).where(Team.name == "Wakaland")
result = session.exec(statement)
team = result.one()
session.delete(team)
session.commit()
print("Deleted team:", team)
def select_deleted_heroes():
with Session(engine) as session:
statement = select(Hero).where(Hero.name == "Black Lion")
result = session.exec(statement)
hero = result.one_or_none()
print("Deleted hero:", hero) # None
statement = select(Hero).where(Hero.name == "Princess Sure-E")
result = session.exec(statement)
hero = result.one_or_none()
print("Deleted hero:", hero) # None
def main():
create_db_and_tables()
create_heroes()
delete_team()
select_deleted_heroes()
if __name__ == "__main__":
main()
from typing import List, Optional
from sqlmodel import Field, Relationship, Session, SQLModel, create_engine, select
class Team(SQLModel, table=True):
id: Optional[int] = Field(default=None, primary_key=True)
name: str = Field(index=True)
headquarters: str
heroes: List["Hero"] = Relationship(back_populates="team", cascade_delete=True)
class Hero(SQLModel, table=True):
id: Optional[int] = Field(default=None, primary_key=True)
name: str = Field(index=True)
secret_name: str
age: Optional[int] = Field(default=None, index=True)
team_id: Optional[int] = Field(
default=None, foreign_key="team.id", ondelete="CASCADE"
)
team: Optional[Team] = Relationship(back_populates="heroes")
sqlite_file_name = "database.db"
sqlite_url = f"sqlite:///{sqlite_file_name}"
engine = create_engine(sqlite_url, echo=True)
def create_db_and_tables():
SQLModel.metadata.create_all(engine)
def create_heroes():
with Session(engine) as session:
team_preventers = Team(name="Preventers", headquarters="Sharp Tower")
team_z_force = Team(name="Z-Force", headquarters="Sister Margaret's Bar")
hero_deadpond = Hero(
name="Deadpond", secret_name="Dive Wilson", team=team_z_force
)
hero_rusty_man = Hero(
name="Rusty-Man", secret_name="Tommy Sharp", age=48, team=team_preventers
)
hero_spider_boy = Hero(name="Spider-Boy", secret_name="Pedro Parqueador")
session.add(hero_deadpond)
session.add(hero_rusty_man)
session.add(hero_spider_boy)
session.commit()
session.refresh(hero_deadpond)
session.refresh(hero_rusty_man)
session.refresh(hero_spider_boy)
print("Created hero:", hero_deadpond)
print("Created hero:", hero_rusty_man)
print("Created hero:", hero_spider_boy)
hero_spider_boy.team = team_preventers
session.add(hero_spider_boy)
session.commit()
session.refresh(hero_spider_boy)
print("Updated hero:", hero_spider_boy)
hero_black_lion = Hero(name="Black Lion", secret_name="Trevor Challa", age=35)
hero_sure_e = Hero(name="Princess Sure-E", secret_name="Sure-E")
team_wakaland = Team(
name="Wakaland",
headquarters="Wakaland Capital City",
heroes=[hero_black_lion, hero_sure_e],
)
session.add(team_wakaland)
session.commit()
session.refresh(team_wakaland)
print("Team Wakaland:", team_wakaland)
def delete_team():
with Session(engine) as session:
statement = select(Team).where(Team.name == "Wakaland")
result = session.exec(statement)
team = result.one()
session.delete(team)
session.commit()
print("Deleted team:", team)
def select_deleted_heroes():
with Session(engine) as session:
statement = select(Hero).where(Hero.name == "Black Lion")
result = session.exec(statement)
hero = result.one_or_none()
print("Deleted hero:", hero) # None
statement = select(Hero).where(Hero.name == "Princess Sure-E")
result = session.exec(statement)
hero = result.one_or_none()
print("Deleted hero:", hero) # None
def main():
create_db_and_tables()
create_heroes()
delete_team()
select_deleted_heroes()
if __name__ == "__main__":
main()
The configuration above is setting the table Team with a relationship with the flag cascade_delete=True, which means all objects in memory from the parent will be marked for delete. We are also setting Hero table in team_id column as a foreign key with the clause ON DELETE CASCADE at the database level, which means the database will delete any record when its parent in Team is deleted.
Tip
The ON DELETE CASCADE setup at the database level is useful because if any other application or service has access to the database and delete a record, the database will be in charge to handle the situation to delete any possible child.
Removing a team with CASCADE¶
# Code above omitted 👆
def delete_team():
with Session(engine) as session:
statement = select(Team).where(Team.name == "Wakaland")
result = session.exec(statement)
team = result.one()
session.delete(team)
session.commit()
print("Deleted team:", team)
# Code below omitted 👇
# Code above omitted 👆
def delete_team():
with Session(engine) as session:
statement = select(Team).where(Team.name == "Wakaland")
result = session.exec(statement)
team = result.one()
session.delete(team)
session.commit()
print("Deleted team:", team)
# Code below omitted 👇
# Code above omitted 👆
def delete_team():
with Session(engine) as session:
statement = select(Team).where(Team.name == "Wakaland")
result = session.exec(statement)
team = result.one()
session.delete(team)
session.commit()
print("Deleted team:", team)
# Code below omitted 👇
👀 Full file preview
from sqlmodel import Field, Relationship, Session, SQLModel, create_engine, select
class Team(SQLModel, table=True):
id: int | None = Field(default=None, primary_key=True)
name: str = Field(index=True)
headquarters: str
heroes: list["Hero"] = Relationship(back_populates="team", cascade_delete=True)
class Hero(SQLModel, table=True):
id: int | None = Field(default=None, primary_key=True)
name: str = Field(index=True)
secret_name: str
age: int | None = Field(default=None, index=True)
team_id: int | None = Field(default=None, foreign_key="team.id", ondelete="CASCADE")
team: Team | None = Relationship(back_populates="heroes")
sqlite_file_name = "database.db"
sqlite_url = f"sqlite:///{sqlite_file_name}"
engine = create_engine(sqlite_url, echo=True)
def create_db_and_tables():
SQLModel.metadata.create_all(engine)
def create_heroes():
with Session(engine) as session:
team_preventers = Team(name="Preventers", headquarters="Sharp Tower")
team_z_force = Team(name="Z-Force", headquarters="Sister Margaret's Bar")
hero_deadpond = Hero(
name="Deadpond", secret_name="Dive Wilson", team=team_z_force
)
hero_rusty_man = Hero(
name="Rusty-Man", secret_name="Tommy Sharp", age=48, team=team_preventers
)
hero_spider_boy = Hero(name="Spider-Boy", secret_name="Pedro Parqueador")
session.add(hero_deadpond)
session.add(hero_rusty_man)
session.add(hero_spider_boy)
session.commit()
session.refresh(hero_deadpond)
session.refresh(hero_rusty_man)
session.refresh(hero_spider_boy)
print("Created hero:", hero_deadpond)
print("Created hero:", hero_rusty_man)
print("Created hero:", hero_spider_boy)
hero_spider_boy.team = team_preventers
session.add(hero_spider_boy)
session.commit()
session.refresh(hero_spider_boy)
print("Updated hero:", hero_spider_boy)
hero_black_lion = Hero(name="Black Lion", secret_name="Trevor Challa", age=35)
hero_sure_e = Hero(name="Princess Sure-E", secret_name="Sure-E")
team_wakaland = Team(
name="Wakaland",
headquarters="Wakaland Capital City",
heroes=[hero_black_lion, hero_sure_e],
)
session.add(team_wakaland)
session.commit()
session.refresh(team_wakaland)
print("Team Wakaland:", team_wakaland)
def delete_team():
with Session(engine) as session:
statement = select(Team).where(Team.name == "Wakaland")
result = session.exec(statement)
team = result.one()
session.delete(team)
session.commit()
print("Deleted team:", team)
def select_deleted_heroes():
with Session(engine) as session:
statement = select(Hero).where(Hero.name == "Black Lion")
result = session.exec(statement)
hero = result.one_or_none()
print("Deleted hero:", hero) # None
statement = select(Hero).where(Hero.name == "Princess Sure-E")
result = session.exec(statement)
hero = result.one_or_none()
print("Deleted hero:", hero) # None
def main():
create_db_and_tables()
create_heroes()
delete_team()
select_deleted_heroes()
if __name__ == "__main__":
main()
from typing import Optional
from sqlmodel import Field, Relationship, Session, SQLModel, create_engine, select
class Team(SQLModel, table=True):
id: Optional[int] = Field(default=None, primary_key=True)
name: str = Field(index=True)
headquarters: str
heroes: list["Hero"] = Relationship(back_populates="team", cascade_delete=True)
class Hero(SQLModel, table=True):
id: Optional[int] = Field(default=None, primary_key=True)
name: str = Field(index=True)
secret_name: str
age: Optional[int] = Field(default=None, index=True)
team_id: Optional[int] = Field(
default=None, foreign_key="team.id", ondelete="CASCADE"
)
team: Optional[Team] = Relationship(back_populates="heroes")
sqlite_file_name = "database.db"
sqlite_url = f"sqlite:///{sqlite_file_name}"
engine = create_engine(sqlite_url, echo=True)
def create_db_and_tables():
SQLModel.metadata.create_all(engine)
def create_heroes():
with Session(engine) as session:
team_preventers = Team(name="Preventers", headquarters="Sharp Tower")
team_z_force = Team(name="Z-Force", headquarters="Sister Margaret's Bar")
hero_deadpond = Hero(
name="Deadpond", secret_name="Dive Wilson", team=team_z_force
)
hero_rusty_man = Hero(
name="Rusty-Man", secret_name="Tommy Sharp", age=48, team=team_preventers
)
hero_spider_boy = Hero(name="Spider-Boy", secret_name="Pedro Parqueador")
session.add(hero_deadpond)
session.add(hero_rusty_man)
session.add(hero_spider_boy)
session.commit()
session.refresh(hero_deadpond)
session.refresh(hero_rusty_man)
session.refresh(hero_spider_boy)
print("Created hero:", hero_deadpond)
print("Created hero:", hero_rusty_man)
print("Created hero:", hero_spider_boy)
hero_spider_boy.team = team_preventers
session.add(hero_spider_boy)
session.commit()
session.refresh(hero_spider_boy)
print("Updated hero:", hero_spider_boy)
hero_black_lion = Hero(name="Black Lion", secret_name="Trevor Challa", age=35)
hero_sure_e = Hero(name="Princess Sure-E", secret_name="Sure-E")
team_wakaland = Team(
name="Wakaland",
headquarters="Wakaland Capital City",
heroes=[hero_black_lion, hero_sure_e],
)
session.add(team_wakaland)
session.commit()
session.refresh(team_wakaland)
print("Team Wakaland:", team_wakaland)
def delete_team():
with Session(engine) as session:
statement = select(Team).where(Team.name == "Wakaland")
result = session.exec(statement)
team = result.one()
session.delete(team)
session.commit()
print("Deleted team:", team)
def select_deleted_heroes():
with Session(engine) as session:
statement = select(Hero).where(Hero.name == "Black Lion")
result = session.exec(statement)
hero = result.one_or_none()
print("Deleted hero:", hero) # None
statement = select(Hero).where(Hero.name == "Princess Sure-E")
result = session.exec(statement)
hero = result.one_or_none()
print("Deleted hero:", hero) # None
def main():
create_db_and_tables()
create_heroes()
delete_team()
select_deleted_heroes()
if __name__ == "__main__":
main()
from typing import List, Optional
from sqlmodel import Field, Relationship, Session, SQLModel, create_engine, select
class Team(SQLModel, table=True):
id: Optional[int] = Field(default=None, primary_key=True)
name: str = Field(index=True)
headquarters: str
heroes: List["Hero"] = Relationship(back_populates="team", cascade_delete=True)
class Hero(SQLModel, table=True):
id: Optional[int] = Field(default=None, primary_key=True)
name: str = Field(index=True)
secret_name: str
age: Optional[int] = Field(default=None, index=True)
team_id: Optional[int] = Field(
default=None, foreign_key="team.id", ondelete="CASCADE"
)
team: Optional[Team] = Relationship(back_populates="heroes")
sqlite_file_name = "database.db"
sqlite_url = f"sqlite:///{sqlite_file_name}"
engine = create_engine(sqlite_url, echo=True)
def create_db_and_tables():
SQLModel.metadata.create_all(engine)
def create_heroes():
with Session(engine) as session:
team_preventers = Team(name="Preventers", headquarters="Sharp Tower")
team_z_force = Team(name="Z-Force", headquarters="Sister Margaret's Bar")
hero_deadpond = Hero(
name="Deadpond", secret_name="Dive Wilson", team=team_z_force
)
hero_rusty_man = Hero(
name="Rusty-Man", secret_name="Tommy Sharp", age=48, team=team_preventers
)
hero_spider_boy = Hero(name="Spider-Boy", secret_name="Pedro Parqueador")
session.add(hero_deadpond)
session.add(hero_rusty_man)
session.add(hero_spider_boy)
session.commit()
session.refresh(hero_deadpond)
session.refresh(hero_rusty_man)
session.refresh(hero_spider_boy)
print("Created hero:", hero_deadpond)
print("Created hero:", hero_rusty_man)
print("Created hero:", hero_spider_boy)
hero_spider_boy.team = team_preventers
session.add(hero_spider_boy)
session.commit()
session.refresh(hero_spider_boy)
print("Updated hero:", hero_spider_boy)
hero_black_lion = Hero(name="Black Lion", secret_name="Trevor Challa", age=35)
hero_sure_e = Hero(name="Princess Sure-E", secret_name="Sure-E")
team_wakaland = Team(
name="Wakaland",
headquarters="Wakaland Capital City",
heroes=[hero_black_lion, hero_sure_e],
)
session.add(team_wakaland)
session.commit()
session.refresh(team_wakaland)
print("Team Wakaland:", team_wakaland)
def delete_team():
with Session(engine) as session:
statement = select(Team).where(Team.name == "Wakaland")
result = session.exec(statement)
team = result.one()
session.delete(team)
session.commit()
print("Deleted team:", team)
def select_deleted_heroes():
with Session(engine) as session:
statement = select(Hero).where(Hero.name == "Black Lion")
result = session.exec(statement)
hero = result.one_or_none()
print("Deleted hero:", hero) # None
statement = select(Hero).where(Hero.name == "Princess Sure-E")
result = session.exec(statement)
hero = result.one_or_none()
print("Deleted hero:", hero) # None
def main():
create_db_and_tables()
create_heroes()
delete_team()
select_deleted_heroes()
if __name__ == "__main__":
main()
Removing the Team with the name Wakaland will leave our database like this.
Team table¶
| id | name | headquarters |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | Z-Force | Sister Margaret's Bar |
| 2 | Preventers | Sharp Tower |
Hero Table¶
| id | name | secret_name | age | team_id |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Deadpond | Dive WIlson | 1 | |
| 2 | Rusty-Man | Tommy Sharp | 48 | 2 |
| 3 | Spider-Boy | Pedro Parqueador | 2 |
The team was deleted and all of its heroes! 🤓
SET NULL Example¶
from sqlmodel import Field, Relationship, Session, SQLModel, create_engine, select
class Team(SQLModel, table=True):
id: int | None = Field(default=None, primary_key=True)
name: str = Field(index=True)
headquarters: str
heroes: list["Hero"] = Relationship(back_populates="team")
class Hero(SQLModel, table=True):
id: int | None = Field(default=None, primary_key=True)
name: str = Field(index=True)
secret_name: str
age: int | None = Field(default=None, index=True)
team_id: int | None = Field(
default=None, foreign_key="team.id", nullable=True, ondelete="SET NULL"
)
team: Team | None = Relationship(back_populates="heroes")
# Code below omitted 👇
from typing import Optional
from sqlmodel import Field, Relationship, Session, SQLModel, create_engine, select
class Team(SQLModel, table=True):
id: Optional[int] = Field(default=None, primary_key=True)
name: str = Field(index=True)
headquarters: str
heroes: list["Hero"] = Relationship(back_populates="team")
class Hero(SQLModel, table=True):
id: Optional[int] = Field(default=None, primary_key=True)
name: str = Field(index=True)
secret_name: str
age: Optional[int] = Field(default=None, index=True)
team_id: Optional[int] = Field(
default=None, foreign_key="team.id", nullable=True, ondelete="SET NULL"
)
team: Optional[Team] = Relationship(back_populates="heroes")
# Code below omitted 👇
from typing import List, Optional
from sqlmodel import Field, Relationship, Session, SQLModel, create_engine, select
class Team(SQLModel, table=True):
id: Optional[int] = Field(default=None, primary_key=True)
name: str = Field(index=True)
headquarters: str
heroes: List["Hero"] = Relationship(back_populates="team")
class Hero(SQLModel, table=True):
id: Optional[int] = Field(default=None, primary_key=True)
name: str = Field(index=True)
secret_name: str
age: Optional[int] = Field(default=None, index=True)
team_id: Optional[int] = Field(
default=None, foreign_key="team.id", nullable=True, ondelete="SET NULL"
)
team: Optional[Team] = Relationship(back_populates="heroes")
# Code below omitted 👇
👀 Full file preview
from sqlmodel import Field, Relationship, Session, SQLModel, create_engine, select
class Team(SQLModel, table=True):
id: int | None = Field(default=None, primary_key=True)
name: str = Field(index=True)
headquarters: str
heroes: list["Hero"] = Relationship(back_populates="team")
class Hero(SQLModel, table=True):
id: int | None = Field(default=None, primary_key=True)
name: str = Field(index=True)
secret_name: str
age: int | None = Field(default=None, index=True)
team_id: int | None = Field(
default=None, foreign_key="team.id", nullable=True, ondelete="SET NULL"
)
team: Team | None = Relationship(back_populates="heroes")
sqlite_file_name = "database.db"
sqlite_url = f"sqlite:///{sqlite_file_name}"
engine = create_engine(sqlite_url, echo=True)
def create_db_and_tables():
SQLModel.metadata.create_all(engine)
def create_heroes():
with Session(engine) as session:
team_preventers = Team(name="Preventers", headquarters="Sharp Tower")
team_z_force = Team(name="Z-Force", headquarters="Sister Margaret's Bar")
hero_deadpond = Hero(
name="Deadpond", secret_name="Dive Wilson", team=team_z_force
)
hero_rusty_man = Hero(
name="Rusty-Man", secret_name="Tommy Sharp", age=48, team=team_preventers
)
hero_spider_boy = Hero(name="Spider-Boy", secret_name="Pedro Parqueador")
session.add(hero_deadpond)
session.add(hero_rusty_man)
session.add(hero_spider_boy)
session.commit()
session.refresh(hero_deadpond)
session.refresh(hero_rusty_man)
session.refresh(hero_spider_boy)
print("Created hero:", hero_deadpond)
print("Created hero:", hero_rusty_man)
print("Created hero:", hero_spider_boy)
hero_spider_boy.team = team_preventers
session.add(hero_spider_boy)
session.commit()
session.refresh(hero_spider_boy)
print("Updated hero:", hero_spider_boy)
hero_black_lion = Hero(name="Black Lion", secret_name="Trevor Challa", age=35)
hero_sure_e = Hero(name="Princess Sure-E", secret_name="Sure-E")
team_wakaland = Team(
name="Wakaland",
headquarters="Wakaland Capital City",
heroes=[hero_black_lion, hero_sure_e],
)
session.add(team_wakaland)
session.commit()
session.refresh(team_wakaland)
print("Team Wakaland:", team_wakaland)
def delete_team():
with Session(engine) as session:
statement = select(Team).where(Team.name == "Wakaland")
result = session.exec(statement)
team = result.one()
session.delete(team)
session.commit()
print("Deleted team:", team)
def select_deleted_heroes():
with Session(engine) as session:
statement = select(Hero).where(Hero.name == "Black Lion")
result = session.exec(statement)
hero = result.one_or_none()
print("Black Lion hero:", hero) # None
statement = select(Hero).where(Hero.name == "Princess Sure-E")
result = session.exec(statement)
hero = result.one_or_none()
print("Princess Sure-E hero:", hero) # None
def main():
create_db_and_tables()
create_heroes()
delete_team()
select_deleted_heroes()
if __name__ == "__main__":
main()
from typing import Optional
from sqlmodel import Field, Relationship, Session, SQLModel, create_engine, select
class Team(SQLModel, table=True):
id: Optional[int] = Field(default=None, primary_key=True)
name: str = Field(index=True)
headquarters: str
heroes: list["Hero"] = Relationship(back_populates="team")
class Hero(SQLModel, table=True):
id: Optional[int] = Field(default=None, primary_key=True)
name: str = Field(index=True)
secret_name: str
age: Optional[int] = Field(default=None, index=True)
team_id: Optional[int] = Field(
default=None, foreign_key="team.id", nullable=True, ondelete="SET NULL"
)
team: Optional[Team] = Relationship(back_populates="heroes")
sqlite_file_name = "database.db"
sqlite_url = f"sqlite:///{sqlite_file_name}"
engine = create_engine(sqlite_url, echo=True)
def create_db_and_tables():
SQLModel.metadata.create_all(engine)
def create_heroes():
with Session(engine) as session:
team_preventers = Team(name="Preventers", headquarters="Sharp Tower")
team_z_force = Team(name="Z-Force", headquarters="Sister Margaret's Bar")
hero_deadpond = Hero(
name="Deadpond", secret_name="Dive Wilson", team=team_z_force
)
hero_rusty_man = Hero(
name="Rusty-Man", secret_name="Tommy Sharp", age=48, team=team_preventers
)
hero_spider_boy = Hero(name="Spider-Boy", secret_name="Pedro Parqueador")
session.add(hero_deadpond)
session.add(hero_rusty_man)
session.add(hero_spider_boy)
session.commit()
session.refresh(hero_deadpond)
session.refresh(hero_rusty_man)
session.refresh(hero_spider_boy)
print("Created hero:", hero_deadpond)
print("Created hero:", hero_rusty_man)
print("Created hero:", hero_spider_boy)
hero_spider_boy.team = team_preventers
session.add(hero_spider_boy)
session.commit()
session.refresh(hero_spider_boy)
print("Updated hero:", hero_spider_boy)
hero_black_lion = Hero(name="Black Lion", secret_name="Trevor Challa", age=35)
hero_sure_e = Hero(name="Princess Sure-E", secret_name="Sure-E")
team_wakaland = Team(
name="Wakaland",
headquarters="Wakaland Capital City",
heroes=[hero_black_lion, hero_sure_e],
)
session.add(team_wakaland)
session.commit()
session.refresh(team_wakaland)
print("Team Wakaland:", team_wakaland)
def delete_team():
with Session(engine) as session:
statement = select(Team).where(Team.name == "Wakaland")
result = session.exec(statement)
team = result.one()
session.delete(team)
session.commit()
print("Deleted team:", team)
def select_deleted_heroes():
with Session(engine) as session:
statement = select(Hero).where(Hero.name == "Black Lion")
result = session.exec(statement)
hero = result.one_or_none()
print("Black Lion hero:", hero) # None
statement = select(Hero).where(Hero.name == "Princess Sure-E")
result = session.exec(statement)
hero = result.one_or_none()
print("Princess Sure-E hero:", hero) # None
def main():
create_db_and_tables()
create_heroes()
delete_team()
select_deleted_heroes()
if __name__ == "__main__":
main()
from typing import List, Optional
from sqlmodel import Field, Relationship, Session, SQLModel, create_engine, select
class Team(SQLModel, table=True):
id: Optional[int] = Field(default=None, primary_key=True)
name: str = Field(index=True)
headquarters: str
heroes: List["Hero"] = Relationship(back_populates="team")
class Hero(SQLModel, table=True):
id: Optional[int] = Field(default=None, primary_key=True)
name: str = Field(index=True)
secret_name: str
age: Optional[int] = Field(default=None, index=True)
team_id: Optional[int] = Field(
default=None, foreign_key="team.id", nullable=True, ondelete="SET NULL"
)
team: Optional[Team] = Relationship(back_populates="heroes")
sqlite_file_name = "database.db"
sqlite_url = f"sqlite:///{sqlite_file_name}"
engine = create_engine(sqlite_url, echo=True)
def create_db_and_tables():
SQLModel.metadata.create_all(engine)
def create_heroes():
with Session(engine) as session:
team_preventers = Team(name="Preventers", headquarters="Sharp Tower")
team_z_force = Team(name="Z-Force", headquarters="Sister Margaret's Bar")
hero_deadpond = Hero(
name="Deadpond", secret_name="Dive Wilson", team=team_z_force
)
hero_rusty_man = Hero(
name="Rusty-Man", secret_name="Tommy Sharp", age=48, team=team_preventers
)
hero_spider_boy = Hero(name="Spider-Boy", secret_name="Pedro Parqueador")
session.add(hero_deadpond)
session.add(hero_rusty_man)
session.add(hero_spider_boy)
session.commit()
session.refresh(hero_deadpond)
session.refresh(hero_rusty_man)
session.refresh(hero_spider_boy)
print("Created hero:", hero_deadpond)
print("Created hero:", hero_rusty_man)
print("Created hero:", hero_spider_boy)
hero_spider_boy.team = team_preventers
session.add(hero_spider_boy)
session.commit()
session.refresh(hero_spider_boy)
print("Updated hero:", hero_spider_boy)
hero_black_lion = Hero(name="Black Lion", secret_name="Trevor Challa", age=35)
hero_sure_e = Hero(name="Princess Sure-E", secret_name="Sure-E")
team_wakaland = Team(
name="Wakaland",
headquarters="Wakaland Capital City",
heroes=[hero_black_lion, hero_sure_e],
)
session.add(team_wakaland)
session.commit()
session.refresh(team_wakaland)
print("Team Wakaland:", team_wakaland)
def delete_team():
with Session(engine) as session:
statement = select(Team).where(Team.name == "Wakaland")
result = session.exec(statement)
team = result.one()
session.delete(team)
session.commit()
print("Deleted team:", team)
def select_deleted_heroes():
with Session(engine) as session:
statement = select(Hero).where(Hero.name == "Black Lion")
result = session.exec(statement)
hero = result.one_or_none()
print("Black Lion hero:", hero) # None
statement = select(Hero).where(Hero.name == "Princess Sure-E")
result = session.exec(statement)
hero = result.one_or_none()
print("Princess Sure-E hero:", hero) # None
def main():
create_db_and_tables()
create_heroes()
delete_team()
select_deleted_heroes()
if __name__ == "__main__":
main()
The configuration above is setting team_id column from Hero table to ON DELETE SET NULL in all the child that belongs to the deleted parent.
Tip
The foreign key should allow null values nullable=True, otherwise you are going to ended up in an Integrity Error by violating the not null constraint
Removing a team with SET NULL¶
# Code above omitted 👆
def delete_team():
with Session(engine) as session:
statement = select(Team).where(Team.name == "Wakaland")
result = session.exec(statement)
team = result.one()
session.delete(team)
session.commit()
print("Deleted team:", team)
# Code below omitted 👇
# Code above omitted 👆
def delete_team():
with Session(engine) as session:
statement = select(Team).where(Team.name == "Wakaland")
result = session.exec(statement)
team = result.one()
session.delete(team)
session.commit()
print("Deleted team:", team)
# Code below omitted 👇
# Code above omitted 👆
def delete_team():
with Session(engine) as session:
statement = select(Team).where(Team.name == "Wakaland")
result = session.exec(statement)
team = result.one()
session.delete(team)
session.commit()
print("Deleted team:", team)
# Code below omitted 👇
👀 Full file preview
from sqlmodel import Field, Relationship, Session, SQLModel, create_engine, select
class Team(SQLModel, table=True):
id: int | None = Field(default=None, primary_key=True)
name: str = Field(index=True)
headquarters: str
heroes: list["Hero"] = Relationship(back_populates="team")
class Hero(SQLModel, table=True):
id: int | None = Field(default=None, primary_key=True)
name: str = Field(index=True)
secret_name: str
age: int | None = Field(default=None, index=True)
team_id: int | None = Field(
default=None, foreign_key="team.id", nullable=True, ondelete="SET NULL"
)
team: Team | None = Relationship(back_populates="heroes")
sqlite_file_name = "database.db"
sqlite_url = f"sqlite:///{sqlite_file_name}"
engine = create_engine(sqlite_url, echo=True)
def create_db_and_tables():
SQLModel.metadata.create_all(engine)
def create_heroes():
with Session(engine) as session:
team_preventers = Team(name="Preventers", headquarters="Sharp Tower")
team_z_force = Team(name="Z-Force", headquarters="Sister Margaret's Bar")
hero_deadpond = Hero(
name="Deadpond", secret_name="Dive Wilson", team=team_z_force
)
hero_rusty_man = Hero(
name="Rusty-Man", secret_name="Tommy Sharp", age=48, team=team_preventers
)
hero_spider_boy = Hero(name="Spider-Boy", secret_name="Pedro Parqueador")
session.add(hero_deadpond)
session.add(hero_rusty_man)
session.add(hero_spider_boy)
session.commit()
session.refresh(hero_deadpond)
session.refresh(hero_rusty_man)
session.refresh(hero_spider_boy)
print("Created hero:", hero_deadpond)
print("Created hero:", hero_rusty_man)
print("Created hero:", hero_spider_boy)
hero_spider_boy.team = team_preventers
session.add(hero_spider_boy)
session.commit()
session.refresh(hero_spider_boy)
print("Updated hero:", hero_spider_boy)
hero_black_lion = Hero(name="Black Lion", secret_name="Trevor Challa", age=35)
hero_sure_e = Hero(name="Princess Sure-E", secret_name="Sure-E")
team_wakaland = Team(
name="Wakaland",
headquarters="Wakaland Capital City",
heroes=[hero_black_lion, hero_sure_e],
)
session.add(team_wakaland)
session.commit()
session.refresh(team_wakaland)
print("Team Wakaland:", team_wakaland)
def delete_team():
with Session(engine) as session:
statement = select(Team).where(Team.name == "Wakaland")
result = session.exec(statement)
team = result.one()
session.delete(team)
session.commit()
print("Deleted team:", team)
def select_deleted_heroes():
with Session(engine) as session:
statement = select(Hero).where(Hero.name == "Black Lion")
result = session.exec(statement)
hero = result.one_or_none()
print("Black Lion hero:", hero) # None
statement = select(Hero).where(Hero.name == "Princess Sure-E")
result = session.exec(statement)
hero = result.one_or_none()
print("Princess Sure-E hero:", hero) # None
def main():
create_db_and_tables()
create_heroes()
delete_team()
select_deleted_heroes()
if __name__ == "__main__":
main()
from typing import Optional
from sqlmodel import Field, Relationship, Session, SQLModel, create_engine, select
class Team(SQLModel, table=True):
id: Optional[int] = Field(default=None, primary_key=True)
name: str = Field(index=True)
headquarters: str
heroes: list["Hero"] = Relationship(back_populates="team")
class Hero(SQLModel, table=True):
id: Optional[int] = Field(default=None, primary_key=True)
name: str = Field(index=True)
secret_name: str
age: Optional[int] = Field(default=None, index=True)
team_id: Optional[int] = Field(
default=None, foreign_key="team.id", nullable=True, ondelete="SET NULL"
)
team: Optional[Team] = Relationship(back_populates="heroes")
sqlite_file_name = "database.db"
sqlite_url = f"sqlite:///{sqlite_file_name}"
engine = create_engine(sqlite_url, echo=True)
def create_db_and_tables():
SQLModel.metadata.create_all(engine)
def create_heroes():
with Session(engine) as session:
team_preventers = Team(name="Preventers", headquarters="Sharp Tower")
team_z_force = Team(name="Z-Force", headquarters="Sister Margaret's Bar")
hero_deadpond = Hero(
name="Deadpond", secret_name="Dive Wilson", team=team_z_force
)
hero_rusty_man = Hero(
name="Rusty-Man", secret_name="Tommy Sharp", age=48, team=team_preventers
)
hero_spider_boy = Hero(name="Spider-Boy", secret_name="Pedro Parqueador")
session.add(hero_deadpond)
session.add(hero_rusty_man)
session.add(hero_spider_boy)
session.commit()
session.refresh(hero_deadpond)
session.refresh(hero_rusty_man)
session.refresh(hero_spider_boy)
print("Created hero:", hero_deadpond)
print("Created hero:", hero_rusty_man)
print("Created hero:", hero_spider_boy)
hero_spider_boy.team = team_preventers
session.add(hero_spider_boy)
session.commit()
session.refresh(hero_spider_boy)
print("Updated hero:", hero_spider_boy)
hero_black_lion = Hero(name="Black Lion", secret_name="Trevor Challa", age=35)
hero_sure_e = Hero(name="Princess Sure-E", secret_name="Sure-E")
team_wakaland = Team(
name="Wakaland",
headquarters="Wakaland Capital City",
heroes=[hero_black_lion, hero_sure_e],
)
session.add(team_wakaland)
session.commit()
session.refresh(team_wakaland)
print("Team Wakaland:", team_wakaland)
def delete_team():
with Session(engine) as session:
statement = select(Team).where(Team.name == "Wakaland")
result = session.exec(statement)
team = result.one()
session.delete(team)
session.commit()
print("Deleted team:", team)
def select_deleted_heroes():
with Session(engine) as session:
statement = select(Hero).where(Hero.name == "Black Lion")
result = session.exec(statement)
hero = result.one_or_none()
print("Black Lion hero:", hero) # None
statement = select(Hero).where(Hero.name == "Princess Sure-E")
result = session.exec(statement)
hero = result.one_or_none()
print("Princess Sure-E hero:", hero) # None
def main():
create_db_and_tables()
create_heroes()
delete_team()
select_deleted_heroes()
if __name__ == "__main__":
main()
from typing import List, Optional
from sqlmodel import Field, Relationship, Session, SQLModel, create_engine, select
class Team(SQLModel, table=True):
id: Optional[int] = Field(default=None, primary_key=True)
name: str = Field(index=True)
headquarters: str
heroes: List["Hero"] = Relationship(back_populates="team")
class Hero(SQLModel, table=True):
id: Optional[int] = Field(default=None, primary_key=True)
name: str = Field(index=True)
secret_name: str
age: Optional[int] = Field(default=None, index=True)
team_id: Optional[int] = Field(
default=None, foreign_key="team.id", nullable=True, ondelete="SET NULL"
)
team: Optional[Team] = Relationship(back_populates="heroes")
sqlite_file_name = "database.db"
sqlite_url = f"sqlite:///{sqlite_file_name}"
engine = create_engine(sqlite_url, echo=True)
def create_db_and_tables():
SQLModel.metadata.create_all(engine)
def create_heroes():
with Session(engine) as session:
team_preventers = Team(name="Preventers", headquarters="Sharp Tower")
team_z_force = Team(name="Z-Force", headquarters="Sister Margaret's Bar")
hero_deadpond = Hero(
name="Deadpond", secret_name="Dive Wilson", team=team_z_force
)
hero_rusty_man = Hero(
name="Rusty-Man", secret_name="Tommy Sharp", age=48, team=team_preventers
)
hero_spider_boy = Hero(name="Spider-Boy", secret_name="Pedro Parqueador")
session.add(hero_deadpond)
session.add(hero_rusty_man)
session.add(hero_spider_boy)
session.commit()
session.refresh(hero_deadpond)
session.refresh(hero_rusty_man)
session.refresh(hero_spider_boy)
print("Created hero:", hero_deadpond)
print("Created hero:", hero_rusty_man)
print("Created hero:", hero_spider_boy)
hero_spider_boy.team = team_preventers
session.add(hero_spider_boy)
session.commit()
session.refresh(hero_spider_boy)
print("Updated hero:", hero_spider_boy)
hero_black_lion = Hero(name="Black Lion", secret_name="Trevor Challa", age=35)
hero_sure_e = Hero(name="Princess Sure-E", secret_name="Sure-E")
team_wakaland = Team(
name="Wakaland",
headquarters="Wakaland Capital City",
heroes=[hero_black_lion, hero_sure_e],
)
session.add(team_wakaland)
session.commit()
session.refresh(team_wakaland)
print("Team Wakaland:", team_wakaland)
def delete_team():
with Session(engine) as session:
statement = select(Team).where(Team.name == "Wakaland")
result = session.exec(statement)
team = result.one()
session.delete(team)
session.commit()
print("Deleted team:", team)
def select_deleted_heroes():
with Session(engine) as session:
statement = select(Hero).where(Hero.name == "Black Lion")
result = session.exec(statement)
hero = result.one_or_none()
print("Black Lion hero:", hero) # None
statement = select(Hero).where(Hero.name == "Princess Sure-E")
result = session.exec(statement)
hero = result.one_or_none()
print("Princess Sure-E hero:", hero) # None
def main():
create_db_and_tables()
create_heroes()
delete_team()
select_deleted_heroes()
if __name__ == "__main__":
main()
The result will be.
Team table¶
| id | name | headquarters |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | Z-Force | Sister Margaret's Bar |
| 2 | Preventers | Sharp Tower |
Hero Table¶
| id | name | secret_name | age | team_id |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Deadpond | Dive WIlson | 1 | |
| 2 | Rusty-Man | Tommy Sharp | 48 | 2 |
| 3 | Spider-Boy | Pedro Parqueador | 2 | |
| 4 | Black Lion | Trevor Challa | 35 | NULL |
| 5 | Princess Sure-E | Sure-E | NULL |
The team Wakaland was deleted and all of its heroes were left without a team, which means with team_id NULL, but still kept in the database! 🤓
RESTRICT Example¶
from sqlalchemy import text
from sqlmodel import Field, Relationship, Session, SQLModel, create_engine, select
class Team(SQLModel, table=True):
id: int | None = Field(default=None, primary_key=True)
name: str = Field(index=True)
headquarters: str
heroes: list["Hero"] = Relationship(back_populates="team", passive_deletes="all")
class Hero(SQLModel, table=True):
id: int | None = Field(default=None, primary_key=True)
name: str = Field(index=True)
secret_name: str
age: int | None = Field(default=None, index=True)
team_id: int = Field(foreign_key="team.id", nullable=False, ondelete="RESTRICT")
team: Team = Relationship(back_populates="heroes")
# Code below omitted 👇
from typing import Optional
from sqlalchemy import text
from sqlmodel import Field, Relationship, Session, SQLModel, create_engine, select
class Team(SQLModel, table=True):
id: Optional[int] = Field(default=None, primary_key=True)
name: str = Field(index=True)
headquarters: str
heroes: list["Hero"] = Relationship(back_populates="team", passive_deletes="all")
class Hero(SQLModel, table=True):
id: Optional[int] = Field(default=None, primary_key=True)
name: str = Field(index=True)
secret_name: str
age: Optional[int] = Field(default=None, index=True)
team_id: Optional[int] = Field(
default=None, foreign_key="team.id", nullable=True, ondelete="RESTRICT"
)
team: Optional[Team] = Relationship(back_populates="heroes")
# Code below omitted 👇
from typing import List, Optional
from sqlalchemy import text
from sqlmodel import Field, Relationship, Session, SQLModel, create_engine, select
class Team(SQLModel, table=True):
id: Optional[int] = Field(default=None, primary_key=True)
name: str = Field(index=True)
headquarters: str
heroes: List["Hero"] = Relationship(back_populates="team", passive_deletes="all")
class Hero(SQLModel, table=True):
id: Optional[int] = Field(default=None, primary_key=True)
name: str = Field(index=True)
secret_name: str
age: Optional[int] = Field(default=None, index=True)
team_id: Optional[int] = Field(
default=None, foreign_key="team.id", nullable=True, ondelete="RESTRICT"
)
team: Optional[Team] = Relationship(back_populates="heroes")
# Code below omitted 👇
👀 Full file preview
from sqlalchemy import text
from sqlmodel import Field, Relationship, Session, SQLModel, create_engine, select
class Team(SQLModel, table=True):
id: int | None = Field(default=None, primary_key=True)
name: str = Field(index=True)
headquarters: str
heroes: list["Hero"] = Relationship(back_populates="team", passive_deletes="all")
class Hero(SQLModel, table=True):
id: int | None = Field(default=None, primary_key=True)
name: str = Field(index=True)
secret_name: str
age: int | None = Field(default=None, index=True)
team_id: int = Field(foreign_key="team.id", nullable=False, ondelete="RESTRICT")
team: Team = Relationship(back_populates="heroes")
sqlite_file_name = "database.db"
sqlite_url = f"sqlite:///{sqlite_file_name}"
engine = create_engine(sqlite_url, echo=True)
def create_db_and_tables():
SQLModel.metadata.create_all(engine)
with engine.connect() as connection:
connection.execute(text("PRAGMA foreign_keys=ON")) # for SQLite only
def create_heroes():
with Session(engine) as session:
team_preventers = Team(name="Preventers", headquarters="Sharp Tower")
team_z_force = Team(name="Z-Force", headquarters="Sister Margaret's Bar")
hero_deadpond = Hero(
name="Deadpond", secret_name="Dive Wilson", team=team_z_force
)
hero_rusty_man = Hero(
name="Rusty-Man", secret_name="Tommy Sharp", age=48, team=team_preventers
)
hero_spider_boy = Hero(
name="Spider-Boy", secret_name="Pedro Parqueador", team=team_preventers
)
session.add(hero_deadpond)
session.add(hero_rusty_man)
session.add(hero_spider_boy)
session.commit()
session.refresh(hero_deadpond)
session.refresh(hero_rusty_man)
session.refresh(hero_spider_boy)
print("Created hero:", hero_deadpond)
print("Created hero:", hero_rusty_man)
print("Created hero:", hero_spider_boy)
hero_spider_boy.team = team_preventers
session.add(hero_spider_boy)
session.commit()
session.refresh(hero_spider_boy)
print("Updated hero:", hero_spider_boy)
hero_black_lion = Hero(name="Black Lion", secret_name="Trevor Challa", age=35)
hero_sure_e = Hero(name="Princess Sure-E", secret_name="Sure-E")
team_wakaland = Team(
name="Wakaland",
headquarters="Wakaland Capital City",
heroes=[hero_black_lion, hero_sure_e],
)
session.add(team_wakaland)
session.commit()
session.refresh(team_wakaland)
print("Team Wakaland:", team_wakaland)
def delete_team():
with Session(engine) as session:
statement = select(Team).where(Team.name == "Wakaland")
result = session.exec(statement)
team = result.one()
session.delete(team)
session.commit()
print("Deleted team:", team)
def select_deleted_heroes():
with Session(engine) as session:
statement = select(Hero).where(Hero.name == "Black Lion")
result = session.exec(statement)
hero = result.one_or_none()
print("Black Lion hero:", hero) # None
statement = select(Hero).where(Hero.name == "Princess Sure-E")
result = session.exec(statement)
hero = result.one_or_none()
print("Princess Sure-E hero:", hero) # None
def main():
create_db_and_tables()
create_heroes()
delete_team()
select_deleted_heroes()
if __name__ == "__main__":
main()
from typing import Optional
from sqlalchemy import text
from sqlmodel import Field, Relationship, Session, SQLModel, create_engine, select
class Team(SQLModel, table=True):
id: Optional[int] = Field(default=None, primary_key=True)
name: str = Field(index=True)
headquarters: str
heroes: list["Hero"] = Relationship(back_populates="team", passive_deletes="all")
class Hero(SQLModel, table=True):
id: Optional[int] = Field(default=None, primary_key=True)
name: str = Field(index=True)
secret_name: str
age: Optional[int] = Field(default=None, index=True)
team_id: Optional[int] = Field(
default=None, foreign_key="team.id", nullable=True, ondelete="RESTRICT"
)
team: Optional[Team] = Relationship(back_populates="heroes")
sqlite_file_name = "database.db"
sqlite_url = f"sqlite:///{sqlite_file_name}"
engine = create_engine(sqlite_url, echo=True)
def create_db_and_tables():
SQLModel.metadata.create_all(engine)
with engine.connect() as connection:
connection.execute(text("PRAGMA foreign_keys=ON")) # for SQLite only
def create_heroes():
with Session(engine) as session:
team_preventers = Team(name="Preventers", headquarters="Sharp Tower")
team_z_force = Team(name="Z-Force", headquarters="Sister Margaret's Bar")
hero_deadpond = Hero(
name="Deadpond", secret_name="Dive Wilson", team=team_z_force
)
hero_rusty_man = Hero(
name="Rusty-Man", secret_name="Tommy Sharp", age=48, team=team_preventers
)
hero_spider_boy = Hero(name="Spider-Boy", secret_name="Pedro Parqueador")
session.add(hero_deadpond)
session.add(hero_rusty_man)
session.add(hero_spider_boy)
session.commit()
session.refresh(hero_deadpond)
session.refresh(hero_rusty_man)
session.refresh(hero_spider_boy)
print("Created hero:", hero_deadpond)
print("Created hero:", hero_rusty_man)
print("Created hero:", hero_spider_boy)
hero_spider_boy.team = team_preventers
session.add(hero_spider_boy)
session.commit()
session.refresh(hero_spider_boy)
print("Updated hero:", hero_spider_boy)
hero_black_lion = Hero(name="Black Lion", secret_name="Trevor Challa", age=35)
hero_sure_e = Hero(name="Princess Sure-E", secret_name="Sure-E")
team_wakaland = Team(
name="Wakaland",
headquarters="Wakaland Capital City",
heroes=[hero_black_lion, hero_sure_e],
)
session.add(team_wakaland)
session.commit()
session.refresh(team_wakaland)
print("Team Wakaland:", team_wakaland)
def delete_team():
with Session(engine) as session:
statement = select(Team).where(Team.name == "Wakaland")
result = session.exec(statement)
team = result.one()
session.delete(team)
session.commit()
print("Deleted team:", team)
def select_deleted_heroes():
with Session(engine) as session:
statement = select(Hero).where(Hero.name == "Black Lion")
result = session.exec(statement)
hero = result.one_or_none()
print("Black Lion hero:", hero) # None
statement = select(Hero).where(Hero.name == "Princess Sure-E")
result = session.exec(statement)
hero = result.one_or_none()
print("Princess Sure-E hero:", hero) # None
def main():
create_db_and_tables()
create_heroes()
delete_team()
select_deleted_heroes()
if __name__ == "__main__":
main()
from typing import List, Optional
from sqlalchemy import text
from sqlmodel import Field, Relationship, Session, SQLModel, create_engine, select
class Team(SQLModel, table=True):
id: Optional[int] = Field(default=None, primary_key=True)
name: str = Field(index=True)
headquarters: str
heroes: List["Hero"] = Relationship(back_populates="team", passive_deletes="all")
class Hero(SQLModel, table=True):
id: Optional[int] = Field(default=None, primary_key=True)
name: str = Field(index=True)
secret_name: str
age: Optional[int] = Field(default=None, index=True)
team_id: Optional[int] = Field(
default=None, foreign_key="team.id", nullable=True, ondelete="RESTRICT"
)
team: Optional[Team] = Relationship(back_populates="heroes")
sqlite_file_name = "database.db"
sqlite_url = f"sqlite:///{sqlite_file_name}"
engine = create_engine(sqlite_url, echo=True)
def create_db_and_tables():
SQLModel.metadata.create_all(engine)
with engine.connect() as connection:
connection.execute(text("PRAGMA foreign_keys=ON")) # for SQLite only
def create_heroes():
with Session(engine) as session:
team_preventers = Team(name="Preventers", headquarters="Sharp Tower")
team_z_force = Team(name="Z-Force", headquarters="Sister Margaret's Bar")
hero_deadpond = Hero(
name="Deadpond", secret_name="Dive Wilson", team=team_z_force
)
hero_rusty_man = Hero(
name="Rusty-Man", secret_name="Tommy Sharp", age=48, team=team_preventers
)
hero_spider_boy = Hero(name="Spider-Boy", secret_name="Pedro Parqueador")
session.add(hero_deadpond)
session.add(hero_rusty_man)
session.add(hero_spider_boy)
session.commit()
session.refresh(hero_deadpond)
session.refresh(hero_rusty_man)
session.refresh(hero_spider_boy)
print("Created hero:", hero_deadpond)
print("Created hero:", hero_rusty_man)
print("Created hero:", hero_spider_boy)
hero_spider_boy.team = team_preventers
session.add(hero_spider_boy)
session.commit()
session.refresh(hero_spider_boy)
print("Updated hero:", hero_spider_boy)
hero_black_lion = Hero(name="Black Lion", secret_name="Trevor Challa", age=35)
hero_sure_e = Hero(name="Princess Sure-E", secret_name="Sure-E")
team_wakaland = Team(
name="Wakaland",
headquarters="Wakaland Capital City",
heroes=[hero_black_lion, hero_sure_e],
)
session.add(team_wakaland)
session.commit()
session.refresh(team_wakaland)
print("Team Wakaland:", team_wakaland)
def delete_team():
with Session(engine) as session:
statement = select(Team).where(Team.name == "Wakaland")
result = session.exec(statement)
team = result.one()
session.delete(team)
session.commit()
print("Deleted team:", team)
def select_deleted_heroes():
with Session(engine) as session:
statement = select(Hero).where(Hero.name == "Black Lion")
result = session.exec(statement)
hero = result.one_or_none()
print("Black Lion hero:", hero) # None
statement = select(Hero).where(Hero.name == "Princess Sure-E")
result = session.exec(statement)
hero = result.one_or_none()
print("Princess Sure-E hero:", hero) # None
def main():
create_db_and_tables()
create_heroes()
delete_team()
select_deleted_heroes()
if __name__ == "__main__":
main()
The configuration above is setting team_id column from Hero table to ON DELETE RESTRICT, which means if a parent has a dependant child, the database is going to check this before to proceed with any other task/transaction.
Tip
-
The default behavior of SQLAlchemy before to delete any object with a relationship in the database, it's disassociate them changing their relationship to set
NULL. In this case since we are using theRESTRICToption we don't want that behavior, passing the argumentpassive_deletes="all"SQLAlchemy will not load the child objects to emit the delete, relying on the database to handle the constraint. -
The only difference of using
RESTRICTinstead on relying in the database Integrity Error here when we try to delete a parent record that has child, It'sRESTRICTfirst, validate if there are existing records dependant on each other before to proceed with any delete and raise the error immediately, whereas the default behavior of the database is to execute the transactions and raise the error at the end of it.
Removing a team with RESTRICT¶
# Code above omitted 👆
def delete_team():
with Session(engine) as session:
statement = select(Team).where(Team.name == "Wakaland")
result = session.exec(statement)
team = result.one()
session.delete(team)
session.commit()
print("Deleted team:", team)
# Code below omitted 👇
# Code above omitted 👆
def delete_team():
with Session(engine) as session:
statement = select(Team).where(Team.name == "Wakaland")
result = session.exec(statement)
team = result.one()
session.delete(team)
session.commit()
print("Deleted team:", team)
# Code below omitted 👇
# Code above omitted 👆
def delete_team():
with Session(engine) as session:
statement = select(Team).where(Team.name == "Wakaland")
result = session.exec(statement)
team = result.one()
session.delete(team)
session.commit()
print("Deleted team:", team)
# Code below omitted 👇
👀 Full file preview
from sqlalchemy import text
from sqlmodel import Field, Relationship, Session, SQLModel, create_engine, select
class Team(SQLModel, table=True):
id: int | None = Field(default=None, primary_key=True)
name: str = Field(index=True)
headquarters: str
heroes: list["Hero"] = Relationship(back_populates="team", passive_deletes="all")
class Hero(SQLModel, table=True):
id: int | None = Field(default=None, primary_key=True)
name: str = Field(index=True)
secret_name: str
age: int | None = Field(default=None, index=True)
team_id: int = Field(foreign_key="team.id", nullable=False, ondelete="RESTRICT")
team: Team = Relationship(back_populates="heroes")
sqlite_file_name = "database.db"
sqlite_url = f"sqlite:///{sqlite_file_name}"
engine = create_engine(sqlite_url, echo=True)
def create_db_and_tables():
SQLModel.metadata.create_all(engine)
with engine.connect() as connection:
connection.execute(text("PRAGMA foreign_keys=ON")) # for SQLite only
def create_heroes():
with Session(engine) as session:
team_preventers = Team(name="Preventers", headquarters="Sharp Tower")
team_z_force = Team(name="Z-Force", headquarters="Sister Margaret's Bar")
hero_deadpond = Hero(
name="Deadpond", secret_name="Dive Wilson", team=team_z_force
)
hero_rusty_man = Hero(
name="Rusty-Man", secret_name="Tommy Sharp", age=48, team=team_preventers
)
hero_spider_boy = Hero(
name="Spider-Boy", secret_name="Pedro Parqueador", team=team_preventers
)
session.add(hero_deadpond)
session.add(hero_rusty_man)
session.add(hero_spider_boy)
session.commit()
session.refresh(hero_deadpond)
session.refresh(hero_rusty_man)
session.refresh(hero_spider_boy)
print("Created hero:", hero_deadpond)
print("Created hero:", hero_rusty_man)
print("Created hero:", hero_spider_boy)
hero_spider_boy.team = team_preventers
session.add(hero_spider_boy)
session.commit()
session.refresh(hero_spider_boy)
print("Updated hero:", hero_spider_boy)
hero_black_lion = Hero(name="Black Lion", secret_name="Trevor Challa", age=35)
hero_sure_e = Hero(name="Princess Sure-E", secret_name="Sure-E")
team_wakaland = Team(
name="Wakaland",
headquarters="Wakaland Capital City",
heroes=[hero_black_lion, hero_sure_e],
)
session.add(team_wakaland)
session.commit()
session.refresh(team_wakaland)
print("Team Wakaland:", team_wakaland)
def delete_team():
with Session(engine) as session:
statement = select(Team).where(Team.name == "Wakaland")
result = session.exec(statement)
team = result.one()
session.delete(team)
session.commit()
print("Deleted team:", team)
def select_deleted_heroes():
with Session(engine) as session:
statement = select(Hero).where(Hero.name == "Black Lion")
result = session.exec(statement)
hero = result.one_or_none()
print("Black Lion hero:", hero) # None
statement = select(Hero).where(Hero.name == "Princess Sure-E")
result = session.exec(statement)
hero = result.one_or_none()
print("Princess Sure-E hero:", hero) # None
def main():
create_db_and_tables()
create_heroes()
delete_team()
select_deleted_heroes()
if __name__ == "__main__":
main()
from typing import Optional
from sqlalchemy import text
from sqlmodel import Field, Relationship, Session, SQLModel, create_engine, select
class Team(SQLModel, table=True):
id: Optional[int] = Field(default=None, primary_key=True)
name: str = Field(index=True)
headquarters: str
heroes: list["Hero"] = Relationship(back_populates="team", passive_deletes="all")
class Hero(SQLModel, table=True):
id: Optional[int] = Field(default=None, primary_key=True)
name: str = Field(index=True)
secret_name: str
age: Optional[int] = Field(default=None, index=True)
team_id: Optional[int] = Field(
default=None, foreign_key="team.id", nullable=True, ondelete="RESTRICT"
)
team: Optional[Team] = Relationship(back_populates="heroes")
sqlite_file_name = "database.db"
sqlite_url = f"sqlite:///{sqlite_file_name}"
engine = create_engine(sqlite_url, echo=True)
def create_db_and_tables():
SQLModel.metadata.create_all(engine)
with engine.connect() as connection:
connection.execute(text("PRAGMA foreign_keys=ON")) # for SQLite only
def create_heroes():
with Session(engine) as session:
team_preventers = Team(name="Preventers", headquarters="Sharp Tower")
team_z_force = Team(name="Z-Force", headquarters="Sister Margaret's Bar")
hero_deadpond = Hero(
name="Deadpond", secret_name="Dive Wilson", team=team_z_force
)
hero_rusty_man = Hero(
name="Rusty-Man", secret_name="Tommy Sharp", age=48, team=team_preventers
)
hero_spider_boy = Hero(name="Spider-Boy", secret_name="Pedro Parqueador")
session.add(hero_deadpond)
session.add(hero_rusty_man)
session.add(hero_spider_boy)
session.commit()
session.refresh(hero_deadpond)
session.refresh(hero_rusty_man)
session.refresh(hero_spider_boy)
print("Created hero:", hero_deadpond)
print("Created hero:", hero_rusty_man)
print("Created hero:", hero_spider_boy)
hero_spider_boy.team = team_preventers
session.add(hero_spider_boy)
session.commit()
session.refresh(hero_spider_boy)
print("Updated hero:", hero_spider_boy)
hero_black_lion = Hero(name="Black Lion", secret_name="Trevor Challa", age=35)
hero_sure_e = Hero(name="Princess Sure-E", secret_name="Sure-E")
team_wakaland = Team(
name="Wakaland",
headquarters="Wakaland Capital City",
heroes=[hero_black_lion, hero_sure_e],
)
session.add(team_wakaland)
session.commit()
session.refresh(team_wakaland)
print("Team Wakaland:", team_wakaland)
def delete_team():
with Session(engine) as session:
statement = select(Team).where(Team.name == "Wakaland")
result = session.exec(statement)
team = result.one()
session.delete(team)
session.commit()
print("Deleted team:", team)
def select_deleted_heroes():
with Session(engine) as session:
statement = select(Hero).where(Hero.name == "Black Lion")
result = session.exec(statement)
hero = result.one_or_none()
print("Black Lion hero:", hero) # None
statement = select(Hero).where(Hero.name == "Princess Sure-E")
result = session.exec(statement)
hero = result.one_or_none()
print("Princess Sure-E hero:", hero) # None
def main():
create_db_and_tables()
create_heroes()
delete_team()
select_deleted_heroes()
if __name__ == "__main__":
main()
from typing import List, Optional
from sqlalchemy import text
from sqlmodel import Field, Relationship, Session, SQLModel, create_engine, select
class Team(SQLModel, table=True):
id: Optional[int] = Field(default=None, primary_key=True)
name: str = Field(index=True)
headquarters: str
heroes: List["Hero"] = Relationship(back_populates="team", passive_deletes="all")
class Hero(SQLModel, table=True):
id: Optional[int] = Field(default=None, primary_key=True)
name: str = Field(index=True)
secret_name: str
age: Optional[int] = Field(default=None, index=True)
team_id: Optional[int] = Field(
default=None, foreign_key="team.id", nullable=True, ondelete="RESTRICT"
)
team: Optional[Team] = Relationship(back_populates="heroes")
sqlite_file_name = "database.db"
sqlite_url = f"sqlite:///{sqlite_file_name}"
engine = create_engine(sqlite_url, echo=True)
def create_db_and_tables():
SQLModel.metadata.create_all(engine)
with engine.connect() as connection:
connection.execute(text("PRAGMA foreign_keys=ON")) # for SQLite only
def create_heroes():
with Session(engine) as session:
team_preventers = Team(name="Preventers", headquarters="Sharp Tower")
team_z_force = Team(name="Z-Force", headquarters="Sister Margaret's Bar")
hero_deadpond = Hero(
name="Deadpond", secret_name="Dive Wilson", team=team_z_force
)
hero_rusty_man = Hero(
name="Rusty-Man", secret_name="Tommy Sharp", age=48, team=team_preventers
)
hero_spider_boy = Hero(name="Spider-Boy", secret_name="Pedro Parqueador")
session.add(hero_deadpond)
session.add(hero_rusty_man)
session.add(hero_spider_boy)
session.commit()
session.refresh(hero_deadpond)
session.refresh(hero_rusty_man)
session.refresh(hero_spider_boy)
print("Created hero:", hero_deadpond)
print("Created hero:", hero_rusty_man)
print("Created hero:", hero_spider_boy)
hero_spider_boy.team = team_preventers
session.add(hero_spider_boy)
session.commit()
session.refresh(hero_spider_boy)
print("Updated hero:", hero_spider_boy)
hero_black_lion = Hero(name="Black Lion", secret_name="Trevor Challa", age=35)
hero_sure_e = Hero(name="Princess Sure-E", secret_name="Sure-E")
team_wakaland = Team(
name="Wakaland",
headquarters="Wakaland Capital City",
heroes=[hero_black_lion, hero_sure_e],
)
session.add(team_wakaland)
session.commit()
session.refresh(team_wakaland)
print("Team Wakaland:", team_wakaland)
def delete_team():
with Session(engine) as session:
statement = select(Team).where(Team.name == "Wakaland")
result = session.exec(statement)
team = result.one()
session.delete(team)
session.commit()
print("Deleted team:", team)
def select_deleted_heroes():
with Session(engine) as session:
statement = select(Hero).where(Hero.name == "Black Lion")
result = session.exec(statement)
hero = result.one_or_none()
print("Black Lion hero:", hero) # None
statement = select(Hero).where(Hero.name == "Princess Sure-E")
result = session.exec(statement)
hero = result.one_or_none()
print("Princess Sure-E hero:", hero) # None
def main():
create_db_and_tables()
create_heroes()
delete_team()
select_deleted_heroes()
if __name__ == "__main__":
main()
The result will be the next error.
sqlalchemy.exc.IntegrityError: (sqlite3.IntegrityError) FOREIGN KEY constraint failed
[SQL: DELETE FROM team WHERE team.id = ?]
[parameters: (3,)]
So, the database prevents the delete and all of our records are still there. 🤓
Summary¶
These options provide fine-grained control over the deletion behavior of related records in your database, helping to maintain data integrity and optimize performance. By leveraging ondelete, cascade, and passive_deletes, you can ensure that your application handles related records in a consistent and efficient manner.